Yamaha CS2x Guía para resolver problemas descargar pdf (Pagina 18)

Particular attention should also be paid to the Sine Wave. This purely electronically generated wave is alone

in not having any harmonics at all, and as such is practically useless for subtractive synthesis. Nevertheless,

the sine wave can be found in many a synthesizer’s VCO section, and is therefore also included in our Tuto-

rial Bank (TP012). Just how this wave can be used is fully explored in the section titled “Pulling out all the

Stops”. Much more common is the Noise Generator

, a further source of sound apart from the VCOs. In the

age of digital synthesis, the poor old noise generator (TP013) has taken somewhat of a back seat. Neverthe-

less, noise generation still has many interesting applications.

The Filters – Tastebuds for your Ears

Let’s take a look at subtractive synthesis’ most important element, the Filter, or VCF (Voltage Controlled Fil-

ter). This sound component removes selected frequencies from your source material, i.e. the harmonically

rich VCO waveforms. The most common used type of filter is the low-pass filter, which also helps the CS2x

to produce its characteristic sound. Technically, the filter removes the upper frequencies selected by its pro-

grammable cutoff point

, whilst the lower frequencies beyond this point pass through unaffected. Specifically,

the CS2x filter implementation revolves around a version of a low-pass filter with a 12dB/Oct rolloff. This

means that frequencies will be attenuated by 2kHz at 12dB, 4kHz at 24dB, and so on, and as such is suit-

able for most applications.

The filter also has a Resonance Parameter

, which accentuates the frequencies near the cutoff-point. Reso-

nance has many applications beyond the typical character it lends to many synthesizer sounds. Heavy use

of resonance, coupled with the above mentioned noise generator can result in many attention-grabbing

sounds. On the other hand, a gentle dose of resonance can cleverly be used to “thin out” a sound in a way

not possible by simply reducing its volume. In fact, it is generally true that increasing the resonance of a fil-

tered signal will make it sound quieter. Pay particular attention to your sound’s bass region; it’s here where

filtering can affect the perceived “stability” of your sound. Of course you may also use resonance with the fil-

ter wide open. The following example will illustrate how and when resonance may be used on its own like

this.

EXPERIMENT:

Select the harmonically rich choir sound (TP014). In the context of a rhythm heavy dance arrangement, the choir sound

would benefit from a little more “transparency”. But how? The filter frequency is already optimal, whilst you have other

plans for the effects. The solution here is a little trick: use the resonance as a kind of “pseudo enhancer”, a psycho-

acoustic studio tool used to add high frequencies to “dull” audio signals. Turn up your resonance! You will find your sound

has become “fresher”, and will now sit better in your arrangement. Of course this trick can be used in other situations, for

example to add a glossy sheen to dull bass drums, tom samples and cymbals.

Exactly how Cutoff and Resonance will affect your sound is easily revealed – simply play with the CS2x’s

equally labelled Knobs. Both parameters are fundamental in the creation of sound, and their ability to give

shape to sound are immense. The low-pass filter’s abilities range from the simple “darkening” of a sound

right through to fiddly tasks. One of these is the creation of Formants

. This, in simple terms, is the use of res-

onance to accentuate a specific frequency range, so that all partial tones in this region regardless of their

fundamental root frequency are noticeably pronounced. The vowels found in human language (A-E-I-O-U)

rely on characteristic formant areas. To clarify all this, take the sound (TP015). Here, the two VCOs used are

filtered differently, the first without any resonance. The second however uses heavy resonance to produce

typical formants, which can be changed using varying cutoff settings.

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